True Facts: Rays, The Floppy Sombreros of the Sea

Get NordVPN 2Y plan + 4 months extra here ➼ https://nordvpn.com/zefrank It’s risk-free with Nord’s 30-day money-back guarantee! Thank you: Save Our Seas Foundation: https://saveourseas.com/ The Manta Trust: https://mantatrust.org/ Dr. Guy Stevens, Manta Trust Jasmine Corbett, Manta Trust Dr. Steve Huskey, Western Kentucky University Dr. Christopher G. Lowe, Shark Lab, CSU Long Beach Dr. J.D. Laurence-Chasen, NREL Dr. Gabe Weymouth, TU Delft Dr. Csilla Ari, University of South Florida Dr. Scott Seamone, BAMSI Dr Douglas Syme, University of Calgary Dr. Mike McCallister, Florida Atlantic University Dr. Michael Kuba, University of Naples Federico II Dr. Diego Martín Vazquez, INALI Dr. Iman Borazjani, Texas A&M Dr. Laura K. Jordan, NIWA Dr. Michel J. Kaiser, The Lyell Centre Martina & James Wing, Manta Ray Advocates Hawaii Brett Illingworth: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8wwF2z8adNU Virginia Sea Grant: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-wqkXJ9QRhI Two Oceans Aquarium: https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=323814459665035 Pirates Dive Club: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AovCHzcui40 AboveDeck on YT: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4lXIsTXYCYI SCUBAZOO / Science Photo Library Citations: Bottom II RG, Borazjani I, Blevins EL, Lauder GV. Hydrodynamics of swimming in stingrays: numerical simulations and the role of the leading-edge vortex. Journal of Fluid Mechanics. 2016;788:407-443. doi:10.1017/jfm.2015.702 Dean MN, Bizzarro JJ, Clark B, Underwood CJ, Johanson Z. Large batoid fishes frequently consume stingrays despite skeletal damage. R Soc Open Sci. 2017 Sep 6;4(9):170674. doi: 10.1098/rsos.170674. Divi, Raj V. et al. ,Manta rays feed using ricochet separation, a novel nonclogging filtration mechanism.Sci. Adv.4,eaat9533(2018).DOI:10.1126/sciadv.aat9533 Fontenelle, João Pedro & Carvalho, Marcelo. (2017). Systematic revision of the Potamotrygon scobina Garman, 1913 species-complex (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes: Potamotrygonidae), with the description of three new freshwater stingray species from Brazil and comments on their distribution and biogeography. Zootaxa. 4310. 1-63. 10.11646/zootaxa.4310.1.1. Hughes, Ruth & Pedersen, Kristen & Huskey, Steve. (2018). The kinematics of envenomation by the yellow stingray, Urobatis jamaicensis. Zoomorphology. 137. 10.1007/s00435-018-0404-0. Jordan LK, Kajiura SM, Gordon MS. Functional consequences of structural differences in stingray sensory systems. Part II: electrosensory system. J Exp Biol. 2009 Oct 1;212(19):3044-50. doi: 10.1242/jeb.028738. Kolmann MA, Welch KC Jr, Summers AP, Lovejoy NR. Always chew your food: freshwater stingrays use mastication to process tough insect prey. Proc Biol Sci. 2016 Sep 14;283(1838):20161392. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2016.1392. Laurence-Chasen JD, Ramsay JB, Brainerd EL. Shearing overbite and asymmetrical jaw motions facilitate food breakdown in a freshwater stingray, Potamotrygon motoro. J Exp Biol. 2019 Jul 10;222(Pt 13):jeb197681. doi: 10.1242/jeb.197681. Loboda, Thiago & Lasso, Carlos & Rosa, Ricardo & Carvalho, Marcelo. (2021). Two new species of freshwater stingrays of the genus Paratrygon (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae) from the Orinoco basin, with comments on the taxonomy of Paratrygon aiereba. Neotropical Ichthyology. 19. 10.1590/1982-0224-2020-0083. Lowe, C.G. The In Situ Feeding Behavior and Associated Electrical Organ Discharge of the Pacific Electric Ray, Torpedo californica. California State University Long Beach, 1991. McCallister, Michael & Mandelman, John & Bonfil, Ramón & Danylchuk, Andy & Sales, Manuela & Ajemian, Matthew. (2020). First observation of mating behavior in three species of pelagic myliobatiform rays in the wild. Environmental Biology of Fishes. 103. 10.1007/s10641-019-00943-x. Rasch LJ, Cooper RL, Underwood C, Dillard WA, Thiery AP, Fraser GJ. Development and regeneration of the crushing dentition in skates (Rajidae). Dev Biol. 2020 Oct 1;466(1-2):59-72. doi: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.07.014. Schaefer JT, Summers AP. Batoid wing skeletal structure: novel morphologies, mechanical implications, and phylogenetic patterns. J Morphol. 2005 Jun;264(3):298-313. doi: 10.1002/jmor.10331. Seamone SG, Syme DA. The ocellate river stingray (Potamotrygon motoro) exploits vortices of sediment to bury into the substrate. J Fish Biol. 2021 Nov;99(5):1729-1734. doi: 10.1111/jfb.14833. Tanaka Y, Funano S, Nishizawa Y, Kamamichi N, Nishinaka M, Kitamori T. An electric generator using living Torpedo electric organs controlled by fluid pressure-based alternative nervous systems. Sci Rep. 2016 May 31;6:25899. doi: 10.1038/srep25899. Underwood CJ, Johanson Z, Welten M, Metscher B, Rasch LJ, Fraser GJ, Smith MM. Development and evolution of dentition pattern and tooth order in the skates and rays (batoidea; chondrichthyes). PLoS One. 2015 Apr 15;10(4):e0122553. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122553.