Air: The Elixir of Life - Peter Wothers' 2012 Christmas Lectures 1/3

Watch Peter Wothers, the modern alchemist, as he unpicks the chemistry of the world around us - looking at air, water and earth - three of the original ancient Greek 'elements' that tantalised alchemists for centuries. --- Take a deep breath. Inside your lungs is a mixture of highly reactive and incredibly stable gases. Oxygen is the most reactive constituent. When we eat it's these O2 molecules that seize electrons from our food to give our bodies the energy to live. Add a third oxygen atom and we make ozone, a gas so reactive that it's toxic if we breathe it in, but high up in the stratosphere this gas protects us from the sun's radiation. Add a carbon atom and we produce carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas responsible for warming the planet. Nitrogen, the most common element in air, is an unreactive gas, but a key atom in every cell in every living thing on Earth. How can we imitate nature to bring this suffocating gas alive? Even less reactive are the Noble or inert gases. They're so stable they are the only elements that exist naturally as individual atoms – but what is it about them that make them so inert? And how can we excite these gases enough to join the chemical party? We've come a long way from the days when alchemists thought the air was a single element, as we unravel the puzzle of how and why these compounds of oxygen hold the key to the viability of life on the planet. About the 2012 CHRISTMAS LECTURES When medieval alchemists staged spectacular stunts in front of royalty they never revealed the secrets of their mystical potions and fire-breathing creations. Today's chemists can perform equally impressive feats, but they do so to explain and explore the extreme frontiers of our material world. --- Join this channel to get access to perks: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCYeF244yNGuFefuFKqxIAXw/join Subscribe for regular science videos: http://bit.ly/RiSubscRibe --- Chapters 👇 00:00 – Intro: Alchemists vs Modern Chemistry 🔥 Magic, gold, and the birth of real chemistry. 02:20 – What Is Air Really Made Of? Why air isn’t an element — and why that changed science. 04:00 – Crushing a Steel Drum with Air Pressure The invisible force pushing down on you right now. 07:10 – The Real Composition of Air Nitrogen, oxygen, argon & carbon dioxide explained. 12:30 – The Periodic Table Comes to Life How elements are organized — and why patterns matter. 16:40 – Inside the Atom: Protons, Electrons & Identity What makes hydrogen different from helium? 21:30 – Why Carbon Forms Millions of Compounds (Diamond Demo 💎) Strong bonds and the secret of life’s complexity. 26:00 – Phosphorus: The Element Discovered from Urine 💡 Glowing reactions and early alchemy. 30:00 – Noble Gases Explained (Helium to Xenon) Why some elements don’t react — and how density changes everything. 35:30 – Xenon, Anesthesia & Saving a Life From voice changes to life-saving brain protection. 41:30 – Liquid Oxygen + Cereal Explosion 🔥 How oxygen releases energy — and why too much is dangerous. 46:00 – Fire That Won’t Burn (Low-Oxygen Room Experiment) How reducing oxygen prevents flames. 50:30 – Nitroglycerin, Airbags & Lightning ⚡ Explosives, nitrogen bonds, Tesla coil & making new molecules. --- The Ri is on Twitter/X: http://twitter.com/ri_science and Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/royalinstitution and TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@ri_science Listen to the Ri podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/ri-science-podcast Donate to the RI and help us bring you more lectures: https://www.rigb.org/support-us/donate-ri Our editorial policy: https://www.rigb.org/editing-ri-talks-and-moderating-comments Subscribe for the latest science videos: http://bit.ly/RiNewsletter Product links on this page may be affiliate links which means it won't cost you any extra but we may earn a small commission if you decide to purchase through the link.