Simulating ALL 100 billion stars in the Milky Way for the first time (with the help of AI?!)

AD | For 48 hours, enjoy 15% OFF on all Hoverpens with code DrBecky, or click on the link https://noviumdesign.shop/DrBecky with free shipping to most countries. Also on Amazon: https://noviumdesign.shop/YQjn0y | One way that us astrophysicists try to make sense of what we see out in the Universe, is to simulate what’s going on in a computer. These simulations are an astrophysicists lab experiment - we can’t poke and prod things, but we can change inputs and tweak equations to test ideas about how things like galaxies form, evolve, and interact. Simulations reveal how the complex processes of physics, like gravity, gas particle interactions, magnetic fields, and blasts from supernova—combine over millions or billions of years. But there is a big barrier to us understanding the universe through simulations and that is computing power. We can’t simulate EVERYTHING, it’s too much of a drain on resources. So we have to drop the resolution. For example, when we simulate our galaxy the Milky Way, instead of having 100 billion particles in a simulation, each representing a single star, a simulation might “only” have a billion particles, with each particles representing a rough cluster of 100 stars. But then that means the fine details of individual stars get lost, and the problem is that those small scale events can have ripple effect across the whole galaxy. So we want to be able to run a simulation of the Milky Way with a particle representing every single star and see how the milky way changed over a least a billion years, but that would take 36 years to run with the current best supercomputers. But what if we could help the computer take a shortcut with machine learning, or AI? That’s what this research paper from Hiroshima and collaborators published this past month has claimed to do - the first 100 billion star simulation of the Milky Way, which doesn’t take 36 years to run, but 115 days... Hirashima et al. (2025) - https://arxiv.org/pdf/2510.23330 Fujii et al. (2011) - https://arxiv.org/pdf/1006.1228 Beckmann et al. (2019) - https://arxiv.org/pdf/1810.01649 00:00 Introduction 02:24 Novium AD 03:54 Why do simulations take so long to run? 07:00 How does AI help? 09:24 The future Video filmed on a Sony ⍺7 IV Video edited by Martino Gasparrini: https://www.fiverr.com/mgs_editing --- 📚 My book, "A Brief History of Black Holes", out NOW in hardback, paperback, e-book and audiobook (which I narrated myself!): http://lnk.to/DrBecky --- 👕 My merch, including JWST designs, are available here (with worldwide shipping!): https://dr-becky.teemill.com/ --- 🎧 Royal Astronomical Society Podcast that I co-host: podfollow.com/supermassive --- 🔔 Don't forget to subscribe and click the little bell icon to be notified when I post a new video! --- 👩🏽‍💻 I'm Dr. Becky Smethurst, an astrophysicist at the University of Oxford (Christ Church). I love making videos about science with an unnatural level of enthusiasm. I like to focus on how we know things, not just what we know. And especially, the things we still don't know. If you've ever wondered about something in space and couldn't find an answer online - you can ask me! My day job is to do research into how supermassive black holes can affect the galaxies that they live in. In particular, I look at whether the energy output from the disk of material orbiting around a growing supermassive black hole can stop a galaxy from forming stars. http://drbecky.uk.com